Tipón Archaeological Site in Cusco

Exploring Tipon, visitors immerse themselves in an atmosphere of tranquility, surrounded by ancestral structures that remain defiant against the passage of time and offer enchanting views of the valley. It is the perfect setting to appreciate sophisticated Inca engineering and enjoy a break from contemporary hustle and bustle.

Origins and Historical Significance of Tipon

Inca Period

Before the Incas, Tipon was the most important settlement of the pre-Inca Saya kingdom of the Pinagua, originally called Muyna or Moyna. The Pinagua kingdom extended from Angostura to the current village of Huambutio, and it cultivated potatoes, olluco, maize, and quinoa.

In the Inca period, Tipon was built under the command of Inca Wiracocha as a residence and refuge for his father, Inca Yahuar Huacac. The name "Tipon" comes from the Quechua word “Ttimpucc,” meaning "boiling place," related to the water sources. Tipon served as an administrative, ceremonial, and residential center with agricultural terraces and an advanced irrigation system.

Colonial Period

During the colonial period, after the arrival of the Spanish in 1532, many Inca constructions were destroyed and abandoned, including Tipon, though its hydraulic systems remain functional to this day. The lands of Tipon were integrated into the haciendas of Quispicanchis, known as “La Glorieta,” part of the estate of the Marqueses de San Lorenzo de Valleumbroso.

Tipon Today

Today, Tipon is recognized worldwide and visited by thousands of tourists. It is a popular tourist destination, not only as a testament to Inca hydraulic engineering but also as a sacred place where water worship was practiced. Visitors come from all over the world to admire its architectural design and stunning landscapes. The site also offers a space to study Inca agricultural and water conservation practices, relevant for archaeological and anthropological research.

The Meaning of Tipon

The word Tipon comes from the Quechua “Ttimpucc,” meaning "boiling place," and is likely related to the flow of the water sources.

Geography of Tipon

Location

The site is located 27 km southeast of the imperial city of Cusco, in the community of Choquepata, Oropesa district, Quispicanchis province, at an altitude of 3250 meters above sea level. Tipon lies between two ravines limited by the Huaycconan and Jucuchahuayco streams that converge at the foot of the archaeological complex. The area is characterized by terraces winding through the mountains, showing the ingenuity of its ancient inhabitants, who transformed the slopes into fertile agricultural fields.

Climate and the Best Time to Visit Tipon

Tipon has a mostly dry and pleasant climate, with an annual average temperature ranging from 21°C to 28°C. It has two well-defined seasons:

• Rainy Season: The climate is mild from November to March, with constant rain.
• Dry Season: From April to October, the climate is sunny during the day with bright sun and cold nights. The temperature ranges from 21°C to 28°C during the day and drops to 7°C at night, with no rain, allowing you to enjoy the landscape.

Flora and Fauna

• Flora: Tipon's natural environment hosts a biodiversity of species adapted to the altitude, including native Andean plants and cultivated crops like maize (Zea Mais) and quinoa (Chenopodium Quinos). Other wild plants include Qiswar (Budellialncana), Tancar (SolarumPolidolicoides), Chachacomo (EscolloniaMirtilloides), and Paja (Stipa Ichu).
• Fauna: Tipon has a variety of animals, including birds and mammals, adding a special charm to the place. The most representative are Llutu or Partridge (Fuluensens), Marsh Cat (FelixPajerus), Puma (FieixConcolor), and Weasel (Mustela Sp), among others.

Important Sites of Tipon

The Royal Enclosures and Gardens

These structures are located at the southern end of the terraces. They are characterized by their fine megalithic architecture and strategic location, offering privileged views and spaces once reserved for the Inca elite. Inca Wiracocha constructed these buildings for his father, Yahuar Huacac. This group of enclosures is associated with an underground canal system, water fountains, and a tower providing a panoramic view of the site.

Smaller Enclosures

These are structures made of stone and adobe, likely used by servants or for storage. Though more modest, they are crucial for understanding the Inca social structure. They are located about one kilometer from the famous Intihuatana.

The Intihuatana

This is a ceremonial center where rituals and offerings are performed. It is a stepped truncated pyramid surrounded by finely carved architectural structures with trapezoidal niches. This solar clock is key to understanding the Inca worldview, demonstrating how they integrated their astronomical and religious knowledge.

The Ceremonial Plaza

A central part of community life, this large space was used for festivities and rituals, vital for the social fabric of the community.

The Agricultural Terraces

These terraces not only maximized agricultural space but were also crucial in water management, showcasing the advanced Inca mountain agriculture technology. They consist of 13 beautiful stepped platforms descending from northeast to southeast, associated with canals and aqueducts. The ancient inhabitants of Tipon primarily cultivated potatoes, olluco, maize, and quinoa here.

The Aqueduct

The aqueduct is an impressive testament to Inca hydraulic engineering, demonstrating a highly organized and developed society. It is a large structure measuring 60 meters long and 4.5 meters high, descending from the north side and channeling water from the Pukara River flowing from the mountain along the canals and aqueducts. The aqueduct served both for irrigation of agricultural terraces and played a crucial role in water worship, vital in their cosmology. It shows not only the technical skill of the Incas but also their respect and spiritual connection with the natural environment.

The Water Channels

The Tipon water channels were ingeniously designed to manage water resources and allow precise water flow control. These channels still function today, efficiently distributing water throughout the complex, demonstrating the Incas' advanced hydraulic engineering.

The Great Wall of Tipon

The outer walls surrounding the Tipon complex measure 5 km in length, 2 meters wide, and 5 to 10 meters high. These constructions are defensive structures that delineate and protect the site, highlighting Tipon's importance in the Inca fortification network.

The Qolqas

The qolqas of Tipon are rectangular structures on the south side, known as the Qolqas of the Raqui Church. These storage systems show how the Incas managed agricultural surplus, storing food in structures with ventilation and aeration ducts. These deposits were essential for the region's stability and prosperity, providing food year-round.

Sinkunakancha

This lesser-known sector offers a glimpse into Inca agricultural experimentation. It is a crescent-shaped tower-like construction with rectangular structures. These rooms, made of stone, adobe, clay, and sand, are of lesser importance than the royal enclosures. The imperial guard likely resided here, controlling the agricultural terraces and protecting the site. Ceremonies to the sun god were performed in the semicircular part.

Cruzmoqo

Another impressive archaeological complex offering a glimpse into the pre-Inca culture. Located at the highest point of the Tipon archaeological park, at an altitude of 3960 meters above sea level, it provides a panoramic view of Tipon. It is considered a sacred and revered huaca in the Inca era, surrounded by beautiful petroglyphs.

Pukara

This ancient site is notable for its fortifications and deep history. It was the first Inca settlement, located within the Tipon archaeological park at the northern end of the famous Intihuatana, at an altitude of 3570 meters above sea level. It features numerous agricultural terraces and buildings.

Entrance Ticket and times to Tipon Inca Site

You can purchase the Tipon Tourist Ticket as part of the Comprehensive Tourist Ticket (BTG), which allows access to 16 tourist destinations in Cusco and optimizes your travel budget. This ticket lets you visit museums, archaeological sites, and cultural centers and is valid for 10 days from the date of purchase.

Another option is the Partial Tourist Ticket for Circuit 2, which also includes a visit to Tipon, part of the historic center of Cusco, the South Valley, and other archaeological sites. This option is valid for 2 days.

Entrance Hours to Tipon

The opening hours of the Tipon archaeological site are Monday to Sunday from 8:00 am to 5:00 pm.

Entrance Fee to Tipon

The entrance fee includes your visit to Tipon in the Cusco Tourist Ticket. The cost varies according to the ticket you wish to purchase. There are two options mentioned earlier:

• Comprehensive Tourist Ticket:
  • Foreign Tourist: S/. 130.00
  • National Tourist: S/. 70.00
  • Valid for 10 days
• Circuit 2 Ticket:
  • Foreign Tourist: S/. 70.00
  • National Tourist: S/. 40.00
  • Valid for 2 days

Discounts for Minors (10 to 17 years old)

Minors aged 10 to 17 must purchase their tourist ticket by presenting a valid identity document or passport if foreign. The entrance fee for the tourist ticket is free.

Discounts for University Students (18 to 25 years old)

Students can purchase their tourist tickets by presenting their original and valid student cards or ISIC card. The entrance fee is S/. 70.00.

Options for Purchasing the Cusco Tourist Ticket

The Cusco Tourist Ticket is available to everyone and can be purchased in several ways:

• COSITUC Office: Located at Avenida El Sol No. 103, office 102 (Galería Turística). This is the main office for ticket purchases.
  • Office hours: Monday to Friday from 8:00 am to 5:30 pm, and Saturdays from 8:30 am to 12:30 pm.
• All included locations except Centro Qosqo de Arte Nativo, Museo de Arte Popular, and Museo de Arte Contemporáneo are open.

Travel tips to visit Tipon

How to Get There from Cusco

• By public transport: You can take a bus or combi from Cusco city heading to the South Valley. These vehicles usually depart from Avenida de la Cultura, and you can ask the driver to notify you when you reach Tipon.
• By taxi or private tour: Another option is to hire a taxi or a private tour. This option is more convenient as it provides a comfortable and personalized service. Tours have specialized guides explaining the history and significance of the place. The journey takes about 30 minutes to reach Tipon.

Tour Recommendations in Tipon

• Walking Tours of the Archaeological Site: Explore Tipon in-depth with guides detailing each historical and cultural aspect, offering a deeper understanding of the site.
• Tours of the Agricultural Terraces: Walking through the terraces of Tipon allows you to see up close how the Incas mastered mountain agriculture. Additionally, you will enjoy panoramic views that are a true delight for the senses.
• Excursions to Pikillacta: A walking tour of the ruins of Pikillacta offers a journey of discovery through pre-Inca and Inca history, complementing your visit to Tipon with an additional layer of ancient history.

Adventure Tours Around Tipon

Hiking and biking routes allow you to explore the surrounding nature, offering another perspective of the Andean landscape.

• Mountain Biking: For cycling enthusiasts, who seek to combine physical exercise with cultural exploration, there are cycling routes connecting Tipon with other archaeological sites and nearby villages. A unique experience at 5000 meters altitude, descending from the sacred mountains of Pachatusan, pedaling through Andean landscapes, offering both challenge and visual delight. There are two types of categories in this adventure: enduro and downhill.
• Horseback Riding: Experience the majesty of the South Valley on horseback, starting from the town of Huasao, traversing ancient paths that offer different sceneries and stunning landscapes, and reaching the Tipon archaeological site. These rides are usually guided and adapted to all skill levels, making them a good option for visiting and learning about Tipon.

Gastronomic Tours in Tipon

On the way to Tipon, in Saylla, you will find and discover Tipon’s gastronomy through tastings that include traditional dishes prepared in different styles, passed down through generations.

• Roasted Guinea Pig: Don't miss the opportunity to taste this typical Tipon dish, accompanied by local potatoes and a spicy sauce or Uchucuta.
• Chicharron: Another traditional dish of Tipon made with pork, served with corn, fried potatoes, and salad.
• Chicha Morada: A beverage made from purple corn.

Travel Tips and Recommendations

• Visit during the early hours of the day to avoid crowds.
• Carry your entry ticket, identification documents, or passport if you are a tourist.
• Wear appropriate clothing; bring a jacket and rain ponchos just in case.
• Use comfortable shoes or trekking shoes for walking.
• Enjoy the visit and gain more knowledge about the site.

Safety and Health Tips

• Keep a first aid kit with you and take preventive measures against altitude sickness, which is common at high elevations.
• Bring more than a liter of water to stay hydrated.
• Eat safe, fresh, and well-cooked food.
• Use sun protection, including sunscreen, hats, and umbrellas.
• Stay in populated areas, and do not expose yourself to risks.
• Use safe, reliable transportation, preferably taking an organized tour for exclusive service.
• Avoid traveling alone; opt for a tour group with travelers who share your passion for learning about new cultures.

Cultural Norms and Respect to Keep in Mind

• Conservation of sites is crucial; always follow marked paths and respect restricted areas.
• Practice social etiquette and behavior at the archaeological site.
• Acts that harm human dignity, such as bathing in waterfalls and water sources, are prohibited.
• Avoid touching, leaning on, or climbing on monuments to prevent accidents and damage.
• Do not write or scratch on monuments.
• Contribute to cleanliness by not littering or disposing of solid waste in designated bins.
• Respect local customs, traditions, and rules.
• Maintain good relations with local residents.

Most Frequently Asked Questions about Tipon

What is Tipon, and what is its historical significance?

Tipon is an ancient Inca archaeological site in the South Valley of Cusco, Peru. It is notable for its impressive agricultural terraces and advanced hydraulic system, including irrigation canals and water sources. The Incas used it for agriculture and as a ceremonial center. Its sophisticated infrastructure demonstrates the Incas' high level of engineering knowledge.

How can I get to Tipon from Cusco?

To reach Tipon from Cusco, it is recommended to opt for a taxi or an organized tour for more comfort and the opportunity to learn its history from specialized guides during the journey. The route is straightforward and takes about 30 minutes to reach Tipon.

What is the best time to visit Tipon?

The best time to visit Tipon is from April to October, the dry season in the region. During these months, there is little rain, making it easier to access and explore the terraces and canals. The weather is generally sunnier and clearer, ideal for taking stunning photos of the landscape.

Is there an entrance fee to access Tipon?

Yes, access to Tipon is part of the Cusco Tourist Ticket, which includes other archaeological and cultural sites in the region. This ticket can be purchased in several modes, either complete or partial, depending on how many places you wish to visit and your length of stay.

How much time is recommended to explore Tipon?

It takes about 30 minutes to reach Tipon from Cusco. Once at the site, it is recommended to spend at least two to three hours exploring. This allows time to walk along the terraces, explore the water channels, and observe construction details while immersing yourself in the site's history.

What type of footwear is best for visiting Tipon?

Given the uneven terrain and the up-and-down walking involved in exploring the terraces, it is essential to wear comfortable and sturdy shoes, preferably hiking shoes. These will provide better support and traction, which is crucial for avoiding slips or falls.

Are there tour guides available in Tipon?

At Tipon, you can find cultural interpreters, but it is more advisable to hire specialized guides through travel agencies in Cusco. These professionals are trained to provide fascinating details about the site's history, archaeology, and engineering, significantly enriching your visit.

What additional activities can be done in Tipon?

Besides archaeological exploration, Tipon offers the possibility of picnicking in green areas and observing local flora and fauna. Tipon is an exceptional site for photography enthusiasts, with panoramic views and the interaction of ancient structures with the landscape.

Is Tipon accessible for people with reduced mobility?

Although Tipon presents challenges for people with reduced mobility due to its rugged terrain and stone steps, some more accessible areas can be visited. It is best to consult with tour operators who can offer adapted tours.

What safety recommendations should be considered when visiting Tipon?

It is vital to bring sun protection, enough water to stay hydrated, a hat for the sun, and some food, especially during the warmer months. Additionally, always walk carefully on the stone structures, which can be slippery.

Similar places to visit near Tipon

Pikillacta

Part of the history of the Wari culture, Pikillacta is a pre-Inca citadel that developed in the Middle Horizon, located northeast of the Lucre basin in Quispicanchis province. This ancient human settlement is full of mysteries to discover, with a large architectural construction, orthogonal urban layout, impressive adobe, stone, and plaster walls, and well-organized narrow and long streets, showcasing highly developed architectural planning.

Andahuaylillas

Known as the Church of San Pedro Apóstol de Andahuaylillas, popularly called "the Sistine Chapel of America," located 36 km from Cusco city in Quispicanchis province. It was built by the Jesuits in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. This colonial architecture jewel, typical of town Catholic churches, captivates visitors with its impressive murals, a golden altarpiece, and a collection of Baroque art. It stands out for its canvases or frescoes covering every inch of the walls and ceilings, narrating religious stories, and offering a visual lecture on local history and culture.

Raqchi

Located in the San Pedro district, Canchis province, Cusco department, 120 km from Cusco city at an altitude of 3444 meters above sea level, situated in the Vilcanota valley and the foothills of the Kinsachata volcano. It is characterized by its large architectural constructions made of adobe and stone. The most notable is the Wiracocha Temple, an impressive building surrounded by qolqas, rectangular and circular enclosures known as royal tambos, water channels, and Inca roads.